Prikaz objav z oznako power. Pokaži vse objave
Prikaz objav z oznako power. Pokaži vse objave

sreda, 15. april 2020

Operation D: From fetishism of words to fetishism of relationship (operations 15, relationship 5)

In addition to the danger of being stuck in the fetishism of words, a social worker can get stuck in fetishism of relationships. This is a serious danger, since the relationships are important in social work. On one hand, as we contest, establishing the work relationship is a precondition for working together, therefore for social work by and large. On the other, the relationships are overrated. This is arises from the situation and the concrete dispositive – the perspective of the social worker since he or she, in order to perform his or her task, has to form a (working) relationship. Beyond the situation, it is a consequence of the long tradition of fetishizing relationships. The relationship was the main tool of social work in the psychodynamic tradition of social work until the seventies. Psychoanalytic assumption was the relationship of the user and the worker reflects primary relationship to one’s mother and father in early childhood (transference – which needs to be worked through). Even more, the guardian pattern of the professional relationship determines also the working relationship (historically preceding the psychoanalysis – forming its base). In this patronising relationship, rooted in feudalism, the relationship is not accidental, it is determined by the place a person has in the pyramidal network of relationships. A relationship of two free and equal people is always a priori accidental, only in time they can acquire the air of destiny – by working, fighting together or by love.

A trap we can fall in talking and interviewing is that we interpret what users say. By doing this we reveal that we do not believe in their words at a face value. We are not just pretending to be cleverer by doing this, but also take away the intended meaning, actually take the word away from the user and discredit. Her or his word are sequestered, seized. Such an expropriation is not pernicious only for the user by making him powerless in the talk exchange, expressly in agreements and pacts, it is deleterious also for the professional – who remains (alone) in the world of his or her own. Such perversion of words is in function of power and self-assurance of power and is a calculus differential of the guardian and custodian relations. In an equal relationship an oath is not needed, we enter them bona fide, trusting that the word uttered means what it means, and not something else – until this is proved otherwise. Interpretation is a vehicle of stigma – we assume a forehand that somebody is conveying something else; and of domination – one who has the power has the “last word”.[1]

To avoid the pitfalls of fetishisation of relationships and words we need to be remindful that relationships and words are not the ends but only means of social work. Establishing a relationship is a precondition and a tool we need for other three operations.[2] Words also a tool to do things, to create. Words in social work function as an invitation to dance. Dance is the way of doing things together, of complementing each other, exchanging places. It is the essential element of syntax of acts (also speech acts). Besides the awe of not falling under spell of these fetishes, we need to, in order to avoid the trap, design the talk and relationship carefully, be attentive to the diagram and distribution of power, dance the dance of a guardian and an advocate, give the word to the user and take the word on its face value. For this, and of enacting true comradeship, courage is needed.

To avoid such pitfalls we need to maintain partisanship, to remain consistently on the user’s side. It also helps to laugh at things and to – by not taking them too seriously, seriously deal with them.


[1] Such a paranoid stance and operation is warranted in precisely opposite direction – against those who possess a surplus of power, who have hidden agenda and interests and want to use relationships or conversations for their private benefit, therefore against those who lie by definition – politicians, merchants and other stockbrokers of human souls.  
[2] As contended previously, the finalism of this operation beyond actual work, would be creating comradeship. If that can be considered as a contribution to the general social solidarity, seeing social workers and social work milieu as basic reference group for users, or even exclusive connector for social inclusion, would be next to capitulation of social work, certainly a destitution and poverty for users. Unfortunately, this is the case often. Sometimes even on the account of fetishisation of a relationship, more often because people get stranded in such a lonesome position, state, not having anyone left – having been deserted, their links departed, died, being in an institution etc. In such circumstances the relationships, bonds are of crucial importance, sometimes even the only tool of social work that is on disposal. Here too, a relationship, an attachment, bond should be considered as transitive. As a means that someone eventually expands his network again, enters into other meaningful relationships and social happenings. As with an infant, the parents are not the final destination.

torek, 31. marec 2020

Operation C: Changing the diagram of power (operations 9, power 2)

We can assume that there a diverse social (political, economic …) forces (powers) at work in a given social field. They result in what presents itself as a social situation – be it per se, or of a certain person or a group – in the form of statuses, interaction capacity and social roles. Some of the forces at work in a situation are manifest, easy to spot, some are often hidden in the background or in, what Kurt Lewin (1947) terms a quasi-stationary balance – combined in a mutual action resulting in a balance that hides the forces in themselves. The forces should be decoded and mapped in a diagram by, inter alia, breaking the balance by an intervention in the field. Such a map can help identifying the sources of power that can be used of empowerment of the power-lacking agent, as well as spotting the forces that are taking away, reducing the power and causing dis-empowerment. (For example of use of such mapping see Flaker et al. 2007: 37–39).

The basic power diagram in social work and other people serving activities is the power relationship between the service user and the professional. Although seemingly a dyadic relationship, it is a threesome, a tripartite diagram – it is not only about the expectations of users and social worker regarding each other, it is also about the power endowed into the social worker by the centres of power (and extracted from the users). Social work is basically a “middle-dog” to the user as a social “under-dog”.


Types of relationship (Basaglia, 1987)

           Aristocratic relationship – contractual relationship between the economic power holder and the professional power holder
           Helping relationship – relationship between a rightful claimant and expert (bureaucrat)
           Institutional relationship – relationship of sheer control between the institutional power holder and the person without rights

The first relationship is based on the balance of the professional power (knowledge and skill) of the professional and economic power of the customer, the purchaser of the service. The second relationship exists within the welfare state. A social worker or another professional (a doctor, nurse etc.) has monopoly and the state gives them the power. The users, on other hand, are claiming their rights as citizens. The power is bureaucratic; the user depends on the professional, but also has some freedom and as a citizen some power over him. In the institution, the power is minimal or taken away from the inmates. They are sheer objects of power, things to be cared and controlled by the staff.

The professional power is articulated as a mandate and need to be derived from both his actual relationship with the user and from the power vehicles (vectors) from without. In the aristocratic relationship this power and mandate is derived on one hand on the actual capacity for dealing with the situation and on the general aura and prestige of the professional, however it is actually given by the user him or herself. In the helping relationship the mandate comes mostly from the state (public sector) but also from the user who is as a citizen at the same time a rightful claimant. In the institutional relationship the mandate of the professional comes mostly from others (state, users’ environment) and the user’s mandate is abrogated, denied.

While the first of these types of relationship is horizontal the other two are vertical, the last toughly so. In these two diagrammatic arrangements, the mandate of social work (and any other similar profession) should be of an operation that pushes the diagram at least towards a horizontal relation. The issue, the art of the profession is how to use the power invested in it in order to empower the user. It is about delegating and relegating the power invested in the profession to the users. This can be done by securing the power to “speak” to the users, listening to and being receptive to their distress and conveying the message to the powerful, thus implicating them in the situation and conveying their power to it in order to actively contribute to improvement and empowerment of the “under-dog”.
 



The diagram above depicts the flow of information, and of the involvement of the bearers of power in the situation – thus redistribution of power. In this way social work is not only an agent of redistribution of wealth but also of power. Besides if portrays the double mandate social work needs to have.

Social work is always about seeking and securing double mandate – from the powerful and the powerless, from the user but also from the centres of power who have the necessary power to alter the user’s situation.

References:

Basaglia, F. (1987), Psychiatry Inside Out: Selected Works of Franco Basaglia. European Perspectives, Columbia University Press.

Flaker, V. (2007), Empowerment In Theory And Practice (An EX-IN  training module). Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana, Faculty for Social Work.

Lewin, Kurt (1947). "Frontiers in Group Dynamics: Concept, Method and Reality in Social Science; Social Equilibria and Social Change". Human Relations. 1: 5–41. doi:10.1177/001872674700100103.


nedelja, 19. januar 2020

Four basic operations of social work (1 – introduction)




Perhaps the best way of presenting what social work does is by its basic operations. In order to have a better life, one has to change it, which brings about certain risks. To know what to change one needs to know what is there in one’s life, what are the resources that can be used and what needs to be imported from elsewhere. I order to induce change, but also to govern once life, one needs power to do so. A partnership or an alliance in a working relationship is needed in order to be not only supported but also increase the ability to reflect and perform. The key words of these four basic social work operations are therefore: relationship, power, change and resources introducing the operations that we choose to name: 1) work relationship or alliance, 2) empowerment, 3) risk analysis or harm reduction; and 4) investigation of the Life-World and enabling access to resources.

These four operations are defined by their purpose, which in turn presupposes their ways of doing them. The purpose of forming a work relationship or alliance is to gain an insight, a reflexion of the situation one is in, but also in a manner of dialogue to instigate  work, and change and is done mainly by speech and reflection, notwithstanding meaningful deeds and action. The purpose of empowerment is clear – to gain power – and this is mainly done by advocacy and negotiation in order to enhance one’s status – personal and social capital. The purpose of the risk analysis or harm reduction is security of venture (not so much risk avoidance) and is being done by analysing, securing and support in risk taking. The investigation of the Life-World and enabling access to resources has the purpose in being provided and equipped and is done by enabling access to resources and activation of own resources.

The purposes intrinsic to the operations as listed above are just instrumental to the personal finalities and are just tools to accomplish the latter. No matter how small and petty a specific personal goal may be, it has an overarching property regarding the purposes of the basic operations and the operation itself. The goal of an operation and its underlying desire is the basis of the operation and its purpose, finality and its “raison d’être”.

The social work basic operations are therefore not to be regarded as means of reaching some metaphysical or transcendental ends but means of reaching personal, group or even institutional desires usually articulated as goals, often as needs, sometimes in terms of necessities, sometimes in terms of wishes.[1]


[1] This blog is an introduction to a piece I am writing on the topic. There will be blogs following describing and analysing them in more detail.