Prikaz objav z oznako guardian. Pokaži vse objave
Prikaz objav z oznako guardian. Pokaži vse objave

sreda, 15. april 2020

Operation D: From fetishism of words to fetishism of relationship (operations 15, relationship 5)

In addition to the danger of being stuck in the fetishism of words, a social worker can get stuck in fetishism of relationships. This is a serious danger, since the relationships are important in social work. On one hand, as we contest, establishing the work relationship is a precondition for working together, therefore for social work by and large. On the other, the relationships are overrated. This is arises from the situation and the concrete dispositive – the perspective of the social worker since he or she, in order to perform his or her task, has to form a (working) relationship. Beyond the situation, it is a consequence of the long tradition of fetishizing relationships. The relationship was the main tool of social work in the psychodynamic tradition of social work until the seventies. Psychoanalytic assumption was the relationship of the user and the worker reflects primary relationship to one’s mother and father in early childhood (transference – which needs to be worked through). Even more, the guardian pattern of the professional relationship determines also the working relationship (historically preceding the psychoanalysis – forming its base). In this patronising relationship, rooted in feudalism, the relationship is not accidental, it is determined by the place a person has in the pyramidal network of relationships. A relationship of two free and equal people is always a priori accidental, only in time they can acquire the air of destiny – by working, fighting together or by love.

A trap we can fall in talking and interviewing is that we interpret what users say. By doing this we reveal that we do not believe in their words at a face value. We are not just pretending to be cleverer by doing this, but also take away the intended meaning, actually take the word away from the user and discredit. Her or his word are sequestered, seized. Such an expropriation is not pernicious only for the user by making him powerless in the talk exchange, expressly in agreements and pacts, it is deleterious also for the professional – who remains (alone) in the world of his or her own. Such perversion of words is in function of power and self-assurance of power and is a calculus differential of the guardian and custodian relations. In an equal relationship an oath is not needed, we enter them bona fide, trusting that the word uttered means what it means, and not something else – until this is proved otherwise. Interpretation is a vehicle of stigma – we assume a forehand that somebody is conveying something else; and of domination – one who has the power has the “last word”.[1]

To avoid the pitfalls of fetishisation of relationships and words we need to be remindful that relationships and words are not the ends but only means of social work. Establishing a relationship is a precondition and a tool we need for other three operations.[2] Words also a tool to do things, to create. Words in social work function as an invitation to dance. Dance is the way of doing things together, of complementing each other, exchanging places. It is the essential element of syntax of acts (also speech acts). Besides the awe of not falling under spell of these fetishes, we need to, in order to avoid the trap, design the talk and relationship carefully, be attentive to the diagram and distribution of power, dance the dance of a guardian and an advocate, give the word to the user and take the word on its face value. For this, and of enacting true comradeship, courage is needed.

To avoid such pitfalls we need to maintain partisanship, to remain consistently on the user’s side. It also helps to laugh at things and to – by not taking them too seriously, seriously deal with them.


[1] Such a paranoid stance and operation is warranted in precisely opposite direction – against those who possess a surplus of power, who have hidden agenda and interests and want to use relationships or conversations for their private benefit, therefore against those who lie by definition – politicians, merchants and other stockbrokers of human souls.  
[2] As contended previously, the finalism of this operation beyond actual work, would be creating comradeship. If that can be considered as a contribution to the general social solidarity, seeing social workers and social work milieu as basic reference group for users, or even exclusive connector for social inclusion, would be next to capitulation of social work, certainly a destitution and poverty for users. Unfortunately, this is the case often. Sometimes even on the account of fetishisation of a relationship, more often because people get stranded in such a lonesome position, state, not having anyone left – having been deserted, their links departed, died, being in an institution etc. In such circumstances the relationships, bonds are of crucial importance, sometimes even the only tool of social work that is on disposal. Here too, a relationship, an attachment, bond should be considered as transitive. As a means that someone eventually expands his network again, enters into other meaningful relationships and social happenings. As with an infant, the parents are not the final destination.

ponedeljek, 23. marec 2020

Operation B: Guardianship – an obstacle to productive risk taking (operations 7, risk 3)

The risk avoidance rather than risk taking is the function of professionalistic paternalism assumed frequently when working with people. It is the guardian role that social work is endowed with that makes professionals preoccupied with adverse consequences of risk taking. If there is harm it is the guardian’s responsibility, the benefits are to be enjoyed by their protégé. Such division of moral labour equals a dissociation of the interests and results in inability of identification of one with another. If one is to support strivings of fellow human beings one has to assume their perspective, identify with their interest in the situation (benefits) and only then, preferably together with the user, within this perspective develop the risk reduction interventions.

The statutory guardian role of social work is pronounced in the case where people are seen as being unable to make sound decisions about their life contingencies – as it is the case with children and with people who are considered to have diminished mental capacity. In such cases, legal capacity is not acknowledged or it is removed and a legal guardian instituted. However, this is in fact a robust infringement of the essential human faculty – the free will, capacity to decide, make choice.

Upon this realisation, the trend is to do away with this inhuman operation – at least with a complete removal of legal capacity. Alternatives are seen in at least limiting the removal, i.e. not removing the capacity in its total but in a circumscribed way, which focuses on the very specific interdictions – like preventing a person from driving if there is a serious risk of an accident, or substituting the removal of legal capacities with support in decision-making. The latter resting on the logic that if a person is not fully abled to decide in sovereign fashion (who is fully?), this “disability” should be overcome with support in this activity (also eventually by statutory intervention) – everybody needs support in the decision making process – some do not have it or need more of it.

The guardianship issue is one of the classic dilemmas in social work. In one way social work is a guardian profession, substitution of the will for those who “will not”, a constituent of the profession. In the other, social work surfaces as the advocate of the oppressed, as champion of their will. Social work is caught in a perpetual dance between these two roles. More on that in one of the previous blogs.

sobota, 29. februar 2020

Operation B: Risk analysis and harm reduction (operations 5, risk 1)



Social work is about change. It is either actively inducing change to improve one’s life or striving to contain the imminent change, i.e. conserving the person’s assets and benefits in coming perturbations (e.g. old age, illness). The change brings risks – with its benefits and dangers.

We live in a changing and risk society (Beck 1992) and we have to deal with it. Furthermore, macro-social risks, like pollution, natural catastrophes, climate change, political and military conflicts, economic crises and others strike the most the poorer, marginal and powerless segments of the society. Social work is the profession, which deals with “vulnerable groups”, i.e. the people who are exposed to societal stress to a greater degree or who, on the account of their life-situation, find themselves facing intense challenges that can result in massive distress.

Notwithstanding exposure to societal risk, ones produced by the “society”, there is a number of other instances where our life changes and presents risks to be taken. Various life events, passages, identity crises or even quite banal unexpected and unprecedented happening, no matter whether they are mishaps or just ‘haps’, occur in the life-course, affect daily routines.

Life events

Life events are highly stressful events that fundamentally change our Life-World. These events not only heighten the energy levels of functioning but also turn our notions of everyday life upside down, change the meanings, roles and alliances. This happens not only in adverse, undesired events like loss of a dear person, loss of employment, eviction, illness but also in the events that we deem positively, which we desire – like getting married, getting a child, a new job, new home etc. The research has shown that if few such events happen in a certain period (e.g. 6 months) some consequences to mental and physical well-being are very likely to happen (Holmes & Rahe 1967, Nastran Ule 1993, Gallagher 1995: 329–333, Lamovec 1998: 215–220).

Social work is very often (habitually) placed in a statutory position of a guardian whose role is to deal with hazards of people’s lives and to secure the best possible outcomes. It is an instance, to which people can turn to, when they see their own social, personal or financial capacities as insufficient to deal with the risk situation.  The task of social work is to assess the degree of risk and to provide response, provision that would diminish the risk to an acceptable measure. Risk is therefore often a measure of the entitlement to social or other provision. The assessment may be a rather simple one as in testing the means in the case of financial benefits or quite a complex one as in case of family violence and similar.

The risk taking is, however, constituent of person’s identity and self in the contemporary, capitalist society (and probably in post-capitalist too). People should be enabled to take risks (not just avoid them). The finality, the purpose of risk analysis is harm reduction, or better – the security of venture – being able to do things without exposing oneself to exaggerated, unnecessary or unwanted risks.

This is why the risk should be analysed and not just assessed. The main analytical tool is to distinguish in the risk situation the hazards, the dangers (harm) and the benefits (or even profits) of risk taking, and simultaneously consider the measures that would reduce the harm.

Distinguishing these elements of risk is necessary, since the circumstances that make a situation risky or hazardous, are in everyday life often confounded with the actual events that are dangerous. If one is psychotic, he or she is not necessarily dangerous. Statistically speaking on average not any more than any sane person, but psychotic behaviour introduces certain unpredictability of action. Hence, the assessment of the intensity (seriousness of the hazard) and the quality of psychotic situation must be done separately from assessment of the probability of a dangerous event (and combined into a risk formula only subsequently).

Moreover, the favourable events, the benefit of risk taking, and their probability must be taken into account, and be weighed against the odds of the situation. Benefits are the rationale of the risk taking behaviour. Finally, it would be unethical (and even stupid) to assess only the risks without considering the means of reducing the possible harm. It is not only the way of finding out the least harmful way of securing the benefits, but also about using the least constrictive measures to avoid harm.

These should be foreseen on various points of intervention: as means of preventing risk (not driving when drunk), as ways of accommodating the dangerous events (wearing a helmet) and modes of repairing the harm (insurance, making up). Various means of the harm reduction may be used: technical (smoke detectors, helmets, electronic devices), educational (informing, awareness raising, learning skills etc.), social (escorting, containing, mediating …), legal (written agreements, advance directives, court induced restrictions …).

In risk analysis we therefore: analyse the situation, pronounce the intensity of the risk, its acceptability and plan the risk reducing intervention. It is about securing the life situation and providing support in risk taking. 

Social work is producing change.
Social work is not needed to maintain what there is. Where routines are established, where forms have to be filled, where procedures are set and to be followed, Bill Jordan (1987) says, there is no need for social work. Social work is needed where change is necessary, where distress is so great that people cannot cope with it anymore, where change is happening and assistance is needed to fare better through the process, where a change has happened and we have to learn to live with it, or when there is a substantial possibility for a change to occur and we want to get ready for it; or prevent it. 

References:

Ulrich Beck (1992) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. New Delhi: Sage. (Translated from the German Risikogesellschaft) 1986.

Gallagher, B.,J. (1995) The Sociology of Mental Illness. Engelwood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Holmes, T. H., and Rahe, R. H. "The Social Readjustment Rating Scale." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 11 (1967): 315328.

Jordan, B. (1987), Counselling, Advocacy and Negotiation. British Journal of Social Work Vol. 17, N. 2 (April 1987): 135-146.

Lamovec T. (1998), Psihosocialna pomoč v duševni stiski, Ljubljana: Visoka šola za socialno delo.

Nastran-Ule, M. (1993), Psihologija vsakdanjega življenja. Ljubljana: Znanstveno in publicistično središče.